The stresses and dynamics of smallholder coffee systems in Jamaica’s Blue Mountains: a case for the potential role of climate services     

Zack Guido  Tim Finan  Kevon Rhiney  Malgosia Madajewicz  Valerie Rountree  Elizabeth Johnson  Gusland McCook 《Climatic change》2018,147(1-2):253-266

Access to climate information has the potential to build adaptive capacity, improve agricultural profitability, and help manage risks. To achieve these benefits, knowledge of the local context is needed to inform information development, delivery, and use. We examine coffee farming in the Jamaican Blue Mountains (BM) to understand farmer livelihoods, opportunities for climate knowledge to benefit coffee production, and the factors that impinge on farmers’ ability to use climate information. Our analysis draws on interviews and 12 focus groups involving 143 participants who largely cultivate small plots. BM farmers currently experience stresses related to climate, coffee leaf rust, and production costs that interrelate concurrently and with time lags. Under conditions that reduce income, BM farmers compensate by adjusting their use of inputs, which can increase their susceptibility to future climate and disease stresses. However, farmers can also decrease impacts of future stressors by more efficiently and effectively allocating their limited resources. In this sense, managing climate, like the other stresses, is an ongoing process. While we identify climate products that can help farmers manage climate risk, the local context presents barriers that argue for interactive climate services that go beyond conventional approaches of information production and delivery. We discuss how dialogs between farmers, extension personnel, and climate scientists can create a foundation from which use can emerge.  相似文献   

The ecological implications of a Yakutian mammoth's last meal   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Bas van Geel  Andr Aptroot  Claudia Baittinger  Hilary H. Birks  Ian D. Bull  Hugh B. Cross  Richard P. Evershed  Barbara Gravendeel  Erwin J.O. Kompanje  Peter Kuperus  Dick Mol  Klaas G.J. Nierop  Jan Peter Pals  Alexei N. Tikhonov  Guido van Reenen  Peter H. van Tienderen 《Quaternary Research》2008,69(3):361-376

Part of a large male woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) was preserved in permafrost in northern Yakutia. It was radiocarbon dated to ca. 18,500 ¹⁴C yr BP (ca. 22,500 cal yr BP). Dung from the lower intestine was subjected to a multiproxy array of microscopic, chemical, and molecular techniques to reconstruct the diet, the season of death, and the paleoenvironment. Pollen and plant macro-remains showed that grasses and sedges were the main food, with considerable amounts of dwarf willow twigs and a variety of herbs and mosses. Analyses of 110-bp fragments of the plastid rbcL gene amplified from DNA and of organic compounds supplemented the microscopic identifications. Fruit-bodies of dung-inhabiting Ascomycete fungi which develop after at least one week of exposure to air were found inside the intestine. Therefore the mammoth had eaten dung. It was probably mammoth dung as no bile acids were detected among the fecal biomarkers analysed. The plant assemblage and the presence of the first spring vessels of terminal tree-rings of dwarf willows indicated that the animal died in early spring. The mammoth lived in extensive cold treeless grassland vegetation interspersed with wetter, more productive meadows. The study demonstrated the paleoecological potential of several biochemical analytical techniques.  相似文献   

Changes of cloud microphysical properties during the transition from supercooled to mixed-phase conditions during CIME     

Stephan Mertes  Alfons Schwarzenbck  Paolo Laj  Wolfram Wobrock  Jean-Marc Pichon  Giordano Orsi  Jost Heintzenberg 《Atmospheric Research》2001,58(4)

A ground-based seeding experiment using carbon dioxide and propane sprayed from pressurized bottles was carried out under supercooled cloud conditions on a small spatial and short time scale. Water vapor deposition on the artificially generated dry ice and propane ice germs as the main ice formation process (nucleation and growth) is consistent with the experimental results. After nucleation, diffusional growth of the ice particles, partly at the expense of evaporating small droplets, was identified during the mixing of the seeding line with the ambient supercooled cloud. Within the seeding plume, ice water contents up to 80% of the total condensed water are observed, although the size of the formed ice particles did not exceed 25 μm. From the changes of the ice and supercooled liquid phase with time under mixed-phase conditions, liquid water content (LWC) evaporation, ice water content (IWC) formation, and ice crystal growth rates are estimated, which are not affected by the artificial nucleation process. Thus, these rates are assessed to be applicable for a growing ice phase of small ice particles in a young mixed-phase cloud, where other growth mechanisms, like riming or aggregation, are negligible.  相似文献   

Geomaterials related to photovoltaics: a nanostructured Fe-bearing kuramite,Cu<Subscript>3</Subscript>SnS<Subscript>4</Subscript>     

Francesco Di Benedetto  Ilaria Bencistà  Francesco D’Acapito  Silvia Frizzera  Andrea Caneschi  Massimo Innocenti  Alessandro Lavacchi  Giordano Montegrossi  Werner Oberhauser  Maurizio Romanelli  Herbert Dittrich  Luca A. Pardi  Gerold Tippelt  Georg Amthauer 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2016,43(8):535-544

The successful synthesis of nanoparticles of Fe-bearing kuramite, (Cu,Fe)₃SnS₄, is reported in this study. Nanocrystalline powders were obtained through a mild, environmentally friendly and scalable solvothermal approach, in a single run. The sample was the object of a multidisciplinary investigation, including X-ray diffraction and absorption, scanning electron microscopy and microanalysis, electron paramagnetic resonance, diffuse reflectance and Mössbauer spectroscopy as well as SQUID magnetometry. The nanoparticles consist of pure Fe-bearing kuramite, exhibiting tetragonal structure. The valence state of the metal cations was assessed to be Cu⁺, Sn⁴⁺ and Fe³⁺. The material presents a band gap value of 1.6 eV, which is fully compatible with solar cell applications. The uptake of Fe by nanokuramite opens a compositional field where the physical properties can be tuned. We thus foster the application of Fe-bearing nanokuramite for photovoltaics and energy storage purposes.  相似文献   

The Marianas-San Marcos vein system: characteristics of a shallow low sulfidation epithermal Au–Ag deposit in the Cerro Negro district,Deseado Massif,Patagonia, Argentina     

Conrado Permuy Vidal  Diego M. Guido  Sebastián M. Jovic  Robert J. Bodnar  Daniel Moncada  Joan Carles Melgarejo  Willis Hames 《Mineralium Deposita》2016,51(6):725-748

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Permeability distribution in the Lahendong geothermal field: A blind fault captured by thermal–hydraulic simulation     

Maren Brehme  Guido Blöcher  Mauro Cacace  Yustin Kamah  Martin Sauter  Günter Zimmermann 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2016,75(14):1088

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Zur Geomorphogenie Anatoliens     

Dr. Guido Hoffmann 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1925,16(1):17-34

Ohne Zusammenfassung  相似文献   

Subsidence due to crack closure and depressurization of hydrothermal systems: a case study from Mt Epomeo (Ischia Island,Italy)     

Vincenzo Sepe  Simone Atzori  Guido Ventura 《地学学报》2007,19(2):127-132

Levelling surveys carried out between 1990 and 2003 on the Mt Epomeo resurgent block (Ischia Island) record negative dislocations on its northern and southern flanks with a maximum subsidence rate of 1.27 cm yr⁻¹. This deformation is not associated with the cooling, crystallization or lateral drainage of magma and cannot be explained by a pressure point or prolate ellipsoid source. Results from dislocation models and the available structural and geochemical information indicate that the subsidence is due to crack closure processes along two main ENE–WSW and E–W preexisting faults, which represent the preferred pathway of CO₂ degassing from the hydrothermal system located beneath Mt Epomeo. The monitoring of the dislocations and CO₂ flux along these faults could give useful information on the dynamics of the hydrothermal system.  相似文献   

Distribution and population structure of the fish Helicolenus dactylopterus dactylopterus (Delaroche, 1809) in the Central Mediterranean (Southern Tyrrhenian Sea)     

Laura Pirrera  Teresa Bottari  Barbara Busalacchi  Daniela Giordano  Larissa Modica  Anna Perdichizzi  Francesco Perdichizzi  Adriana Profeta  & Paola Rinelli 《Marine Ecology》2009,30(S1):161-174

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MINVIT: Multi Instrumental Visualization Tool for Solar Physics     

A. Cora  S. Giordano  C. A. Volpicelli  S. Mancuso 《Earth, Moon, and Planets》2009,104(1-4):131-133

In recent years much effort has been devoted to constructing systems for sharing resources within the solar physics community. Several advanced archives and data analysis systems do exist, but there is low availability of data visualization tools for displaying simultaneous multi instruments/wavelengths solar data. Meanwhile map server technology has received great attention by the IT researcher and geophysical community. In this paper we discuss a possible use of an open source environment for building spatially enabled Internet applications for the visualization and analysis of solar physics data sets. We present the preliminary status of the MINVIT (Multi Instrumental Visualization Tool) project, which shall be able to merge images and information produced by different instruments in a single/synoptic image available on-line. Moreover, the tool is designed in order to allow the visualization of the temporal evolution of data. We further discuss the possible integration into the grid framework, focusing on a middleware able to query EGSO resources such us UOC and SEC in order to include data from several space and ground-based solar observatories.  相似文献